New CO2 counter widget for you "Gov" from CO2 now

I have just added a couple CO2 counter widgets to some of my pages. CO2 is the current N°1 warning-light, a tracer for human related (anthropological) Climate change (CC). It is the most important GHG-greenhouse gas in absolute terms of weight or volume. (H20vp-water vapour ignored-really a base line and a friendly one at that.)

I manage two other blogs in which, as a scientist and engineer, I try to focus on measurement, facts and solutions. (Refs 1 & 2 below) This does not exclude opinion and is certainly open to free speech comment, questions and/or suggestions.

I believe this page is best place to further comment on CO2 count and GHGs and CC, in the first instance, such is the magnitude of work to be done (WTBD) in order to adequately tackle, what many consider to be the most important issue facing humanity today.

WORK

I deliberately chose to use the word "work" in opposition to "effort", since some prominent commentators here in France where at least one in particular Mr. C. Allègre ex-Gov minister for education (and employment?) and a prominent geophysicist appears to me to be involved in "pulling the cover to himself and perhaps to his recent publications on CO2, it'spredicted effects while stigmatising others. He has recently strongly criticised what he considers exaggerated modelled levels of global warming (GW), (due perhaps to efforts of simplification for wider understanding?) as well as sea level rising as priorities to be tackled, as if they can be separated! While Mr C Allègre in verbal presentations on radio or TV appears to quibble "re-inventing the wheel" if I may say so, in pin-pointing Jobs as the main issue to solve - I know of no one who would argue with that, as the number one societal need, and I have a lot more experience than he especially the wrong side of the great divide or of the barrier reef...(Jobs ref. poem 1). Reef.., cast your minds eye owe'r that last word as my favourite poet Hugh MacDiarmid -would say. Yes, Claude is most worried about the consequences CO2 acidification of the oceans. He could well be right and probably is . That's my reading also, CO2 +H2O=>H2CO3, a serious danger to coral reef barriers, (Calcium Carbonate, CO2 sinks-"The rain forests of the seas" and ecosystem protectors) Fortunately he is concerned for the role of CO2 and likes to mention his practical participation (if any?) in CO2 sequestration, but avoids mentioning the dearth of sites of significant size. Others too work and work hard on this theme (hence my knowledge as a member of the UK, Royal Chartered professional Institute The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3). For example, IOM3, mining colleagues are currently involved in assisting China find suitable sequestration sites for their frightening capacity to generated massive amounts CO2. That China is concerned is some slight consolation. Only slight, given their main-stream intentions, to use coal powered electricity generation, (to be on par or to beat their great neighbour across the Pacific slowly acidifying Ocean?) I do indeed hope our colleagues may find many, many suitable sequestration sites. For the time being, I believe they have ear marked only 6 sites to-date. I am also a motivated amateur and follow such news and materials related requirements since I and my relatively close neighbours are sitting on a coal reserve, reputed to be the largest in Europe, here in France (58) cf. my poem 2.

Globally there are insufficient geological sites to store and sequester the volumes of CO2 involved. But I agree it is a step in the correct direction a Wedge. [Comments welcome]. It is one of the few geoengineering projects to be currently under large scale pilot testing. cf. ref1.

Deforestation (cf.my poem 3) is low on M. Alègres list-the main rain forests are not in France, still Mr Allègre and perhaps even more so the journalists who invite him are usually (always) pleased to tell us of his international reputation (clout?) cf. my poem4 entitled "Global Reach". below.

Questions: So is CO2 and Co. (the GHGs) wedging important or not?
Where is the supposed conflict between jobs and environment and lets face it long-term profit?
-Should we "work" for more security in the face of "natural" more and more costly disaster".

_An engineer would certainly say, yes we should;

_I believe the economist-account would probably say yes cf. the famous Stern Report. It is globally accepted that Stern did his job properly and set the stage for the correct Options for the Future.

_In fact in France the administration plan to alleviate the high probability of a massive flooding of Paris, so the Administration say yes (at least for Paris where 80% of the top Admin and managerial jobs-people live.)

-Should we work to improve health-care, alleviate disease and illness, of which many remaining health problems are strongly related to environment?

_The doctor, the environmental and ecological scientist and engineers certainly say yes and they do, although in pre-Barck Obama USA, I have some doubts.

The Industrial R&D Scientist and Engineer?

I am biased as a student of the 'The A.J. Cronin School of Medicine', A.J. Cronin doctor and novelist did much to publicize industrial-work related disease in his novel, The Citadel, notably lung related disease notably, silicosis among miners. This type of "anti-industrial"work still meets strong resistance in application due to what is seen as economic and financial conflicts of interests, especially in underdeveloped and fast developing nations.

A SIMPLE MODEL

1.Human related activity (anthropological) effect on the CC-Energy issue is a well established fact, as we say "for all intents and purposes"

2 It is better to be safe than sorry (the story told to children of the 3 little pigs who had to choose how and where to build their house. Adults take heed!

3. It gives directions. It focuses humanity on practical, important, issues whereby their individual and more so their collective action counts and can be measured - recognition.

4. It is in the class of millennium-world class endeavours such as it's predecessors "The infamous Cold-War and the Enlightened Moon Challenge. Indeed many observers consider that important measurable progress should be made in mush the same timeline as J.K.Kennedy' Moon-landing programme ie. 10 years! Hence CC milestones of 2015, 2020 etc?

Some further thoughts-Notes to share comment and criticize.

Demographic increase will continue to increase considerably before natural causes interrupt the present trend. The current 6 billion, 6x10^9 people on earth is predicted to peak at 9billion, 9x10^9 people. As with climate skeptics and the misled, demographic predictions may also be considered with a wise dose of precaution and preparation to ensure manageable worst scenarios

A fundamental question is what increases fastest? Demography or Scientific Technological and Engineering (applications) I suspect, that human activity left to it's own devices (vices) weak focus, and direction and even modern developed world birth-control extension world wide, can only get, demographically speaking, worse since even at modern rates of scientific and technological progress; (References? Pacalow cf ref 1 or 2 speaking about his work with Socolow on Wedges ref1 or 2 to master CO2 emissions.)

To the point.

Humanity, either on the individual level or as communities; local, regional, national and international, needs a sense of purpose, long before "www", which we can expect to both define difference more acutely and also to increase shared value systems among greater numbers. For good or bad they will reach some sort of equilibrium. (We see, as usual, a majority of humanity tries to make the best of things by peaceful means while a minority tend to take more extreme views and actions. Can it change through improved knowledge and more so through improved understanding?)

Since WWII Two major paradigms galvanised peoples.

1. The rather depressing but efficient Cold-War shaped the world in an East-West divide.

2. The adventurously, enlightening Moon Challenged announced by Pres. J.F. Kennedy in 25 May 1961 and in his Rousing speech at Rice Univ in 1962 quote: 'Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Because it is there." 'Well, space is there, and we're going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we set sail we ask God's blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked."We_choose_to_go_to_the_moon LINK, His goal was achieved 1969, when Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong stepped off the Lunar Module's ladder and onto the Moon's surface.

Various Space related programmes have fuelled youth's imagination and motivation to better achievement and fulfillment in favour of International co-operation for Peaceful applications of science and technology, notably The International Space Station. into the 1990's

"Dale Carnegie, Maslow, and others have documanted intrinsic factors that motivate human beings to achieve and to "work hopefully for the better". ref TBD

Arguably, today's developed society requires challenges on par with the indubitable scientific and technological prowess (if not progress?) Such 'power' and power and wealth differentials and discrepancies appears to me to put our Western (Anglo-Saxon) value system, and work-ethic, on trial. (Obama wins US Presidential elections and is attributes the Nobel Peace-Hope prize on such issues)

Today and for some time to come it is more than conceivable that the Climate -Energy issue can fulfill this role.

Disadvantages:

In spite of it's current lack of luster; Worse or is it better, it calls for courage from all especially developed nations and not just the brave few, an elite such as John Glen, and Yuri Gargarin.

On many occasion many unknown heroes have come to the fore. WWII has seen much abnegation and proud and profitable resistance against tyranny. (this must not be forgotten in current conflicts of interest).

It is not a "Business -as-usual (BAU)" proposition for all our call, it calls for important changes, such are the magnitude of indicator warnings, and the inertia, or more accurately competitive balancing of efforts (1s Law thermodynamics) of competitive societies and governments in any attempt to impliment changes. Hopefully it can be evolutive (more peaceful & comfortable) and not disruptive (painful),

Advantages are many:

-Massive co-ordination in an attempt to avoid near certain destruction of one sort or another. JOBS, security justice and ethics

-It is a focus just as the previous post-World Wars programmes I and II were. JOBS, security justice and ethics.

-It is a Marshal Plan ++ programme, (Stern Report) We have such previous experience. JOBS financed. Wonderful, Security, Justice, Ethics...

-Most actions required immediately are practicable with current technology ( Socolow) by simple common sense, although much perverted by modern consumerism as a substitute for health, equilibrium and simple happiness.

- Could James Cameron's film Avatar- the stuff dreams are made from, have scientific, technological, psychological and philosophical background one day? Anyway it is a most impressive work and touches human cord, as did Luc Besson's film "Le Grand Bleu".

Many Technical References:

1. My blog Conversations-on-Innovations My Blog Search: Wedge-a-War.

2.Materials Science and Engineering Defined My Blog Search: Wedge-a-War.

RELATED POSTS

eg.

Putting the Heat on Coal-Fired Power Generation_ Materials, Steels, Superalloys, Coatings to fight GHG Emissions? Information overload assistanceRead more: http://materialsscienceengineeringdefined.blogspot.com/search?q=Wedge-a-War#ixzz0k3ebAmNd Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Share Alike

A task of terawatts- Editorial from Nature looks at Renewable Energy Policy and criticises "The Traditional Fossile Fuel Dependency Read more: http://management-related-bsc-mba.blogspot.com/#ixzz0kKeDuMCR

Some of My Heart felt Peoms on No_Holds_Bard

1. "LE TRAVAIL C’EST LA SANTE…" (a damned good job too!)

2. Open Cast Coal Mining


3. Deforestation


4. Global Reach


5.Newton is Dead March 2008 On systems.

Conversations-on-Innovations: On track to reduce vehicule emissions - Electric Motorcycle-Bike Racing, Leads - Magny-Cours,Nevers(58) FR in the race Sept 2010. Electric Car GP-F1? -The Economist.

Leaders in Land Transportation-Cars, 4X4's Trucks and what have you.., check your strategy and timelines svp.

Read this post

Conversations-on-Innovations: On track to reduce vehicule emissions - Electric Motorcycle-Bike Racing, Leads - Magny-Cours,Nevers(58) FR in the race Sept 2010. Electric Car GP-F1? -The Economist.

A task of terawatts- Editorial from Nature looks at Renewable Energy Policy and criticises "The Traditional Fossile Fuel Dependency

According to Oliver Morton, Chief News & Features Editor, Nature.


"The tendency among governments and traditional utilities to see renewable energy sources as oddities or add-ons is thus deeply misplaced. These sources are, alongside nuclear power, the fossil fuel-free future that is so urgently needed. "

Universal Energy Source:
"The Sun shines down on the Earth with a power of 174,000 TW, providing the amount of energy every hour that humankind uses every year. "

POLICY PROPOSALS
"A threefold strategy to move from traditional fossil fuel to Sun power and its derivatives Photosynthetic-Trees & Plants, Wind,Marine,PV, is badly needed:
1. Drive up the efficiency with which energy is used through better technology, wider appreciation of the issues and targeted regulation;
2. Drive up the price of emitting carbon disproportionately through trading schemes, taxes and further regulations; and
3.Drive down the costs of generating energy in ways that involve no use of fossil fuels, most notably from the unending flows of light, wind, water and plant growth that the Sun so generously provides. "

The graph is due to Mark Z. Jacobson in his brillant paper publishe by the RSC The Royal Society for Chemistry cf related posts for more details and links.

"Renewables tend to suffer from the drawback that flows driven by the Sun are generally diffuse, not concentrated, and sporadic." [Too democratic for concentrated capital accumulation?]

Morton sees "great opportunity for technological progress in many of these fields, most notably in solar power and in energy storage."

THE CHALLENGE:
"The great challenge is how to scale these new technologies up for a global market. A significant part of the answer is investment in focused research and development. However, there is also a role for regulation and subsidy. "

-SCALING FACTOR
-"Current types of working subsidy are expensive, even at the megawatt scale.

-At the scale of tens and then hundreds of gigawatts they are likely to be unsustainable.

-Worse, poorly designed subsidies will damage markets and thwart the development they seek to encourage.

"Morton argues in favour of Government intervention" [to keep the boat moving in the correct direction with synergies minimising wasted energy and may I add - risking adding insult to injury - keep the trains on the rails and the cars off the roads well keeping traffic density sustainably low!]

Looking forward to reading the Energy Supplement 2009. NB. For readers with difficulty in accessing Nature, my pages carry references to Top Academic papers such as Phil Trans A on Energy freely available online Materials Science and Engineering Defined and Conversations-on-Innovations.

RELATED POSTS:

Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources Ranked_Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, energy security_Information Overload Mastered (March 2008)

Solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security reviewed _Parametres used to classify and rank_Follows previous post (Feb 2008)

Life-Cycle Analysis of Nuclear Fuel Route_Cradle-to-Grave, GHG-CO2equivalent emissions_Nuclear Inspections (April 2008)

REFERENCE (en référence à) : Editorial : Energy : Supplements : Nature (afficher sur Google Sidewiki)

NB The Supplement is sponsored (commendably)by French Petroleum Company TOTAL who "managed?" a recent "un coups de maitre". By putting pressure on one of their refineries managed a to provoke a near general fossil fuel for transportation strike. Of course the price of petrol and diesel went up almost immediately and of course did not come down once the strike was "settled." from about 1.00-euro/l it is now regularly priced in Supermarkets at 108 today at 1.09 euros. Perhaps an inside-expert reader could perhaps tell us how many day's sales are required for Total... to reach break even point?

Financial Innovation_The Economist Debate. Stiglitz sways the field advocating a more cautious regulatory approach. CASE for MASS TORTS?

Levine vs Stiglitz: A Case for The TORTS LAWERS?

The debate is summarised in 4 Points, by The Economist's Zanny Minton Beddoes, head of global economic coverage and ex-IMF economist, (cf full summary in reference below)

I. -Both Ross Levine and Joseph Stiglitz agree that financial innovation can boost economic growth.

-Both acknowledge that some innovations have caused harm.

THE FOCUS OF THE DEBATE
They differ—and hence where the discussion focused—is in their assessment of whether the financial innovations of the past 30 years have, on balance, been beneficial; and on how best to minimise "bad" innovation while promoting the good sort.

II. Mr Stiglitz is sceptical of the benefits of much recent innovation. He focuses on the many misaligned incentives within finance, and advocates strong regulation with a precautionary focus. Mr Levine sees greater benefits from modern finance, and is concerned with government failures, especially regulatory failures. These differing perspectives are reflected in the debaters' policy prescriptions. Mr Stiglitz wants to create a "Financial Product Safety Commission" to assess the safety and effectiveness of new financial innovations. Mr Levine suggests a new independent agency to watch over today's financial regulators.

III. At the beginning of our debate a small majority (54%) supported the motion. Now a slightly larger majority (57%) oppose it.

MY COMMENTS AND REFERENCES
That's a big swing in electoral terms but there are still 43% against Stiglitz prescription. These are the numbers but where does the balance of power lie, most likely with those with most money - remember this is an educated persons debate and intelligence is not all. ]

These considerations remind me of a powerful minority call by top management (union) for improved self regulation on pay, "performance related" bonus, free stock options, etc...
Here we see daily with what diligence power puts its machine into motion to solve recognised issues.

->RELATED POSTS

INNOVATION -THE WORTHWHILE PROJECT-Conversational styled, review of science's powerful tool "The Experimental Method" in politics and humanities

Sidewiki REf (en référence à) :

"At the beginning of our debate a small majority (54%) supported the motion. Now a slightly larger majority (57%) oppose it."
- Economist Debates: Financial innovation: Decision ( afficher sur - on Google Sidewiki)

Policy, Politics: Sustainable development; Localism versus Centralisation

I came across the article entitled “Localism-Unravelling the Supplicant State” by David Boyle, New Economics Forum (nef)


Two key words caught my attention, "Localism" and "Sustainable Development". They brought my attention to “nef” a website, new to me, with a green bent and which I found well worth the visit. It proposes many freely available papers.

My rapid reading of "Localism" led me to believe that the example taken from Britain, upon which I am now, as an longstanding ex-pat, ill equipped to comment nevertheless as an international I felt could well have international ramifications and perhaps inspire other countries and economies. Specifically I am thinking of current trends in France where I have lived for many years. Generally Boyle’s paper and methodology could have useful benchmarking value.

Summary of the Localism pamphlet.
“Localism-Unravelling the Supplicant State - is a pamphlet that claims to mark a key shift in the relationship between central and local, as laid down in the Sustainable Communities Act in UK. It attempts, first and foremost, to set out a far broader agenda for the concept of localism, some way beyond the administration that so obsesses politicians, and one that might be capable of achieving a truly sustainable economy,” says Boyle.

It bases its economic analysis on a report , known familiarly as "Ghost Town Britain”, the brainchild of Andrew Simms and Alex MacGillivray who, in 2002, warned that many banks, shops and post offices were closing on Britain’s high streets and that many of them faced a looming tipping point into complete shutdown. The report also listed the disappearance of local police stations, local playing fields and local pubs. All these phenomena had been known before,[Indeed] but had been discussed as separate problems. [Déja Vu, the region where we live has been loosing about 1000 inhabitants per year for the last 10 years or so!]

“What Ghost Town Britain did was to package them as one problem, and – what is more –a problem of economic centralisation,” the author claims.
‘The Supplicant State’, is defined as a phenomenon whereby a state and corporate infrastructure that feels comfortable only when we are all reduced from citizens into supplicants (humble beggars or earnest prayers), to huge, impersonal forces beyond our control.

Administrative localism
Firstly Boyle considers Administrative localism. He quotes Lord Shawcross ( Lord Shawcross of Friston, died 2003 aged 101)
“The housewife of Britain has to accept that the man in Whitehall really does know best.” [The still very Colbertian - Etatic French equivalent would probably be The famous technocratic elite, ENARC Graduates from the prestigious Ecole National de l'Administration and in Industry it would be X-Mines, Graduates of Polytechnique Paris couple with a specialisation at the famous Ecole Nationale superieure des Mines de Paris.]

Boyle takes of course the opposing view to Shawcross, with examples from Norway and more dubiously from France albeit that the decentralisation effort was true in 1982. The point Boyle says he tries to make is that “the UK’s neighbouring countries and allies realised the damage that the drift towards centralised decision-making was doing, to their own democracy and public services, and reversed the trend.” (! )[ in spite of the efforts of French-Norwegian Judge Eva Joly , I may add.)

Boyle argues that political parties (PPs) decision-makers themselves, believe it is only about decision-making – just about the business of devolving decisions to local boards or local voters and claims that PPs do not yet understand either how damaging centralisation has become, or the official mindset that creates it, how it undermines – not just faith in government – but the effectiveness of our public services, our well-being and our ability to sustain ourselves economically.
Boyle provides a numbers to reinforce his thesis in favour of more and better balance in devolution, decentralisation and empowerment goes give similar treatment to administrative inefficiencies.

Five important areas requiring more decentralised power and responsibility Boyle listed are:
1. Re-localising decision-making
2. To front-line staff.
3. To service users.
4. To smaller organisations.
5. To local business.
Each is explained in Boyles pamphlet.

The pamphlet attempts to give a definition of a broader concept of what localism could and should mean in opposition to what the author sees as a ploy by political parties (PPs) to keep the localism debate narrow; The PPs do this by giving the impression that the whole idea is brand new, and that they are the brave pioneers.

Boyle considers that the roots of localism go back a very long way, via Catholic social doctrine – and the doctrine of ‘subsidiarity’ – right back to the Scottish enlightenment. "It was there, in the coffee houses of eighteenth-century Edinburgh, that the philosopher David Hume first cast doubt on scientific method, peering at ideas about what causes what and finding there was nothing there. All you can do, apparently Hume said, is say that events tend to happen together." [I would point out that Hume’s remark should be considered in the context of his time, a time of European turmoil notably the French Revolution,[David Hume Scots Philosopher was a friend of J-J. Rousseau, French Philosopher] times where political correctness and diplomacy were, in all probability, strongly advisable, democracy still to be re-invented - I have argued fairly recently following French, (English speaking) Sociologist Bruno Latour, in my paper on The Innovators Dilemma entitled “Conversations-on-Innovations” that politicians should take the scientific experimental approach to their decision making cf. Conversations on the Search for a ‘Physics and Chemistry – an Alchemy’ of Innovation - Reward Systems.

Two centuries after Hume was writing in Edinburgh, the Viennese philosopher Karl Popper, a refugee from the Nazis, came up with an interim answer. But, more importantly, he also applied it to politics. You may not be able to prove what you believe about the world, no matter how often an observation or experiment takes place, but you can disprove it. Popper used the example of swans. It doesn’t matter how many white swans you see, it still doesn’t prove that all swans are white. But if you see a black swan, then you know that not all swans are white. This rejoins the thesis referred to in Conversations above in that Popper’s method is an experimental one.

Popper was writing during the Second World War, when his home city was in the hands of totalitarians, and he found himself applying this insight to politics too. In doing so, he produced one of the classic twentieth-century statements of philosophical liberalism, (not Neo-liberal today’s abusive form) “The open society and its enemies, ( Neo-liberals) Societies, governments, bureaucracies and companies work best, he said, when the beliefs and maxims of those at the top (many of whom unwittingly are Neo-liberals) can be challenged and disproved by those below.” Quotes Boyle.

At the heart of all this is a decadent metropolitan snobbery. It is because the contempt that the City of London feels for industry and small business, and the contempt that Whitehall civil servants feel for their local counterparts, has been swallowed whole by Labour and Conservative governments alike.

That is the heart of the new Supplicant State, Boyle repeats.

As a conclusion Boyle asks, rhetorically, if there is any issue to the “Supplicant State” syndrome he describes?

His response is an optimistic "yes-we-can" Why? “Because of the economic crisis, adding that,” diverse local economies seem to be considerably more resilient than ones that are dominated by a few big names.”

Twelve measures necessary to target:
Boyle lists Twelve measures necessary to target: while bearing in mind the need for balance Localisation vs Centralisation. I’m afraid you must read the original, to be fair to Boyle.

COMMENT
My view of local vs central is a much simpler one dictated by birth, education and geographic distance from central power.

1. Culturally as a Scot, born raised and educated in devolution, independence of spirit and mind, engraved by church-religion protestantism "Life and Work" is the motto of the Scots Kirk, legal and eduction system, far from central power. As many individuals (social and sociable animals), a civic sense, a sense of neighbourhood, values of pulling one's weight not off-loading one's weight, over-weight on others.

2. Ecological-Environmental reasons: Peak in petrol, Climate- change Energy conundrum.
"Too easy to consume energy vs energy production" in today's developed economies not to mention the incredible race to emulate our model in rapidly developing countries or continents India, China... cf. FRS, Prof. David MacKay's Without hot air.

I strongly believe that taken together a balance - an equilibrium point, will be reached easily. The balance is written in the definition as it is in "Without hot air. So too are many of the action necessary to achieve an energy... balance.


I must note here that if I can manage the translation from the original french I must type an publish my "No-holds-Bard and Barred" "sketch for the development of a department and a region.

My Own 1st Approach:
Conversations on the Search for a ‘Physics and Chemistry – an Alchemy’ of Innovation - Reward Systems.

Links: Innocentive Challenges All categories

Innocentive Challenges All categories


Please find the following feed (RSS) to all current InnoCentive challenges; Multiple disciples are reported regularly. Most Challenges are of a highly skilled scientific nature. Major players such as Nature, NASA etc now contribute under the label Pavilion.

The Marketing Concept - Back to basics- Plus 8 Disciplines of Management

Bookmark this site, a handy reminder of a primary focus of all firms, and business in general, namely Marketing. It sets this against the two important composants; Production's focus and Sales' focus.

It is short and to the point.

And, as if to remind myself that this blog is focused on management, the site is equally efficient in recalling the "bottom line" on all 8 major disciplinary involved in any holistic approach to management

The Eight Disciplines of Management:

-Accounting.
-Economics.
-Finance.
-Management Theories, Models, Approaches.
-Marketing.
-operations.
Statistics.
-Strategy.

Don't hesitate to visit this rapid overview of these interdisciplinary subjects.

Reference NetMBA business Knowledge Centre

en référence à : Marketing Concept (afficher sur Google Sidewiki)